Solubility chart problems
Solubility chart problems. 8. Perfect for students and researchers seeking to unravel the mysteries of chemical dissolution. 10 M K 3 PO 4 solution. 11 M. 22. Problem 1: Figure 2. 1 b ). solubility curves. 3. Example 7. When a solution is saturated and excess solute is present, the rate of dissolution is exactly equal to the rate of crystallization (Figure 13. To find the # grams needed to saturate a solution when the volume is NOT 100 mL use the following strategy to find answer: Start w/ known vol. ii) SrS. Answer. Ex. The solubility product constant, Kₛₚ, is an equilibrium constant that reflects the extent to which an ionic compound dissolves in water. Chemistry 30: Solubility . The NaI, NaCl, and Ag(NO3) are completely soluble (as is NaNO3 but you already knew that). Very slightly soluble. g. It explains how to calculate molar solubility from Ks Solubility Chart Problem Answer Key Science I Essential Interactions Report of Investigations Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry Chemistry Super Course for the MCAT Grade 9 Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions and Answers (MCQs) Chemistry Cosmetics and Dermatologic Problems and Solutions, Third Edition Solubility Methods •Evaluate solubility of drug substance. 8 should be Microsoft Word - 10-12 Solubility wkst . temperature. It contains plenty of examples and practice problems on calculating the Jan 30, 2023 · Henry's law dictates that when temperature is constant, the solubility of the gas corresponds to it's partial pressure. iv) TlNO 3. This online quiz is intended to give you extra practice in calculating solubility product constants (K sp) and molar solubilities of almost 200 different compounds. List the substances whose solubility decreases as temperature increases. Reading the solubility chart problems answer key Table of Contents reading the solubility chart problems answer key 1. Consider the solubility chart: a. Therefore, the relation between the solute and solvent is very important in determining solubility. Mass of the solvent = 15 g . According to the graph, the solubility of any substance changes as temperature changes. Then, determine whether the resultant solution is saturated or unsaturated and; calculate the amount of excess solute that remains undissolved in the resultant solution. Solubility Chart Interpretation Concept Packet Reading a Solubility Chart text reading: pg. The Solubility Rules Charts for chemistry classrooms comprehensively lists the names and formulas of cations and anions, allowing students to quickly determine formulas for various combinations of cations and anions. For example, “insoluble” substances have less than 1 gram dissolving in a liter, while “soluble” substances have more than 30 grams dissolve in a liter. Or determine the solubility using the solubility rules or lookup table below. It represents the level at which a solute dissolves in solution. 59. Amounts of solute below The solution was initially prepared at 20 °C and then stored for 2 days at 4 °C. The “description” and “solubility” statements pertaining to an article (formerly included in the individual monograph) are general in nature. If a compound is not soluble, we use the (s) label with it and assume that it Introduction to solubility equilibria. 2. 1 11. Not all ionic compounds are able soluble in water. According to the solubility curve in Figure 9. Solubility. WS-Solubility Chart. the solution is unsaturated at a certain. Solubility indicates the upper concentration a compound reaches in a solution. May 13, 2023 · Julie Schaffer (UCD), Corinne Herman (UCD) Stephen Lower, Professor Emeritus ( Simon Fraser U. See more product details. Stoichiometry Practice Test: A compound's molar solubility in water can be calculated from its Kₛₚ value at 25°C. 4. 15 K). 90 KNO3 80 70 NH4Cl NH3 60 KCl 50 NaCl 40 30 20 KClO3 10 Ce2(SO4)3 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Solubility Problems to solve 1. 1 13. 0 ×10‐12 K s p = 2. If a compound is soluble, we use the (aq) label with it, indicating that it dissolves. The solution is unsaturated, and more of the ionic solid, if available, will dissolve. 5. 0 × 10 ‐ 12. As summarized in Figure 18. Diazepam is more lipid-soluble than lorazepam, making lorazepam the recommended drug for patients with hepatic impairment to reduce the risk of accumulation of these drugs in fatty tissues. Jul 31, 2023 · Problems Involving Solubility Curve Below are some solved problems based on the solubility curve. 8 at 37±1°C •At least three pH conditions within this range •Buffers at pH 1. If it says AQ, it means it's aqueous. Navigating reading the solubility chart problems answer key eBook Formats ePub, PDF, MOBI, and More reading the solubility chart problems answer key Compatibility with Devices reading the solubility chart problems answer key Enhanced eBook Features 9. Correct answer: 1. Q11. Which of the salts shown on the graph is the least soluble in water at WS-SolubilityChart - Free download as PDF File (. Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in specific amount of solvent. Slightly soluble. Mar 25, 2021 · Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous substance referred to as the solute, to dissolve in a solvent (usually a liquid) and form a solution. the solubility of solids always increases with increasing temperature. SCIENCE | GRADE: 5th. If all of the solute could be dissolved in 100 g of water at the given temperature, would the . 4 g b. So far, we have considered stoichiometric relationships on the basis of masses and moles. The curve shows the # of grams of solute in a saturated solution containing 100 mL or 100 g of water at a certain temperature. c. Show your work and include correct units. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the solvent used as well as on temperature and pressure. By joining Chemistry Steps, you will gain instant access to the Answers and Solutions for all the Practice Problems, Quizzes, and the powerful set of General Chemistry 1 and 2 Summary Study Guides. Solubility Problems to solve 1. or if the chart is in units of 100 g of H2O use the density of water conversion 1mL H2O= 1 g H2O. 0 x 10 -39) in a 0. 0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Robert Carter. 2. Solubility of the solute = [1. General Solubility Guidelines Solubility. Which substance has the least change in solubility as the temperature increases? _____ 4. Review the solubility rules for common ionic compounds in water and download our solubility rules chart for easy reference. a. docx from BIO 102 at Corozal Junior College. 7 × 10 ‐ 19. 1M PbCO 3. 5: Solubility of Ionic Compounds is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. This chemistry video tutorial provides a basic introduction into solubility curves. Solubility Rules. What is the solubility of NH 4 Cl at 20 C? _____ 2. You can use a solubility chart, or solubility rules. It is the extent to which a compound, called the solute, dissolves in a solvent (usually a liquid in a larger quantity). Solubility of salts refers to the ability of a salt to dissolve in a given solvent, typically water. 8 ∗10−2M. Explain the concept of solubility and how certain solutions can be considered soluble or insoluble based on the solute and solvent involved. AgCN A g C N with Ksp = 2. 1. See More. Chart [ edit ] The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 1-Propanol |. NH 3 and Ce2(SO4) 2 5. Because these values are determined experimentally, they can vary widely between charts, so it's best to go with your textbook's chart if it has one. Is this solution Explore our Chemistry Solubility Table, your ultimate guide to understanding solubility rules and trends. Problem 1: A solution in equilibrium with a precipitate of AgCl was analyzed and found to contain 1. Jan 10, 2024 · Worksheet solubility problems pdffillerCurve solubility worksheet practice problems 10 best images of chemistry answer worksheet 3. 12. 5 ×10‐9 K s p = 1. 1 9. Solubility of the solute = [ Mass of the solute/ Mass of the solvent] × 100 . Solubility Curve Definition The table below provides information on the variation of solubility of different substances (mostly inorganic compounds) in water with temperature, at one atmosphere pressure. The information is provided for those who use, prepare, and dispense drugs, solely to indicate descriptive and solubility properties of an article complying with monograph standards. Finding the solubility of a substance is useful for determining net ionic equations. K sp varies with temperature even though concentrations do not. How soluble is it? Not all soluble substances dissolve equally. Solubility Curves . To 1 L of this solution 0. A solution with the maximum possible amount of solute is saturated. i) NaNO 3. What exceptions can you find on the graph? Here's an example of how to read the graph. To do so, first prepare an ICE (Initial, Change, and Equilibrium) table showing the equilibrium concentrations of the ions in terms of x, the molar solubility of the compound. 2) Any amount of solute below the line indicates. In CHM1045 we discussed solubility as a yes or no quality. Often it is more convenient to add a Solubility Curve Problems. Calculate the mass of the precipitate formed when 25 mL of a solution of sodium sulphide @ 0. Equilibrium is the state at which the concentrations of products and reactant are constant after the reaction has taken place. 2 to 6. In order to do this, we need to use an ICE table and the equilibrium constant expression. By: The Flinn Staff. 7 ×10‐19 K s p = 3. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 125 g of C 2H 5OH in 0. Approximately how many more grams of the salt can be added to the solution from 30 to 100. 4. advertisement. Its solubility in water at 25°C is 7. 36 × 10 −4 g/100 mL. from 30 to 100. Mar 13, 2023 · AgCl(s) = AgCl(s) A g C l ( s) = A g C l ( s) This page titled 5A: Solubility and Solution Reactions (Worksheet) is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4. In Stock. If a solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute, it is unsaturated. 1) The curve shows the # of grams of solute in a saturated solution containing 100 mL or 100 g of water at a. This chemistry video tutorial explains how to use the solubility rules to determine if a compound is soluble or insoluble. The solubility of sodium nitrate at 50°C and 30°C is 114 g and 96 g, respectively. 5/15] × 100 = 10 g . Question 1: A solution in equilibrium with a precipitate of AgCl was found, on analysis, it contains 1. 100 mL of saturated solutions of the following salts are prepared at 20°C. Select your preferences below and click 'Start' to give it a try! Number of problems: 1. Use the provided solubility graph to answer the following questions: For questions 1 – 4 an amount of solute is given, and a temperature is stated. Solution: Solubility. Identify the existing ions in the solution when applicable. This document provides instructions for reading and interpreting solubility curves. Organic Chemistry. 2: Relationship Between Solubility and Ksp. Answered. 60 mL H2O x 1 g H2O x 80 g NaNO3 = 48 g NaNO3. We can also determine that there will be 80 − 48 = 32 g 80 − 48 = 32 g of undissolved KNO3 KNO 3 remaining at the bottom of the 7. Calculate its Ksp. Solubility Rules Chart. solubility changes with temperature but K sp values do not. 0 mL sample of water at 0 °C to an atmosphere containing a gaseous solute at 20. FeS F e S with Ksp = 3. 1. Often students are required to memorize the rul Feb 26, 2023 · Solubility. The solubility guidelines in Table 1 and Figure 2 may be used to predict whether a precipitation reaction will occur when solutions of soluble ionic compounds are mixed together. Practice Problems . KClO3 b. 25 x 10 -3 d. A solution is made with NaI and NaCl such that it is 0. 45 × 10 −3 g of the solute. 1 x 10-9 at 25°C for the equilibrium \[BaCO_3 \rightleftharpoons Ba^{2+} + CO_3^{2-} \nonumber \] Calculate the molar solubility of Barium Carbonate in the water at 25°C. Learn Solubility Rules with free step-by-step video explanations and practice problems by experienced tutors. BaSO4 B a S O 4 with Ksp = 1. 24. 8 x10-10. 2 (a) is reading the temperature of a saturated solution, the problem is we do not know the concentration of the salt that dissolved. Q = Ksp. Which of the salts shown on the graph is the least soluble in water at 10oC? 8 PRACTICE PROBLEM. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 85. 2 2. b. Enter Substance Formula (e. 5 × 10 ‐ 9. 2, 4. 1 lists some general solubility rules. Solutions; References; Contributors and Attributions; Precipitation reactions occur when cations and anions in aqueous solution combine to form an insoluble ionic solid called a precipitate. txt) or read online for free. Look up the product solubility constant (Ksp). In this science worksheet, your child learns about differing rates of solubility by reading a bar chart and interpreting the data to answer questions. One merely needs to identify all the ions present in the solution and then consider if possible cation/anion pairings could result in Jan 30, 2023 · The solubility product constant, Ksp , is the equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an aqueous solution. 50 L of solution? 2. It is an important concept in solution chemistry and plays a crucial role in various chemical processes. If both products are aqueous, there is no reaction. 5 marks. Worksheet: Solubility Graphs. 1, there are three possible conditions for an aqueous solution of an ionic solid: Q < Ksp. the solubility of solids varies with temperature changes. 1 18. The definition of solubility is the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a certain quantity of solvent or quantity of solution at a specified temperature or pressure (in the case of gaseous solutes). 18 practice problem Lorazepam and diazepam are benzodiazepine medications used to treat anxiety disorders, seizures, and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Ce 2 (SO 4) 3 is the only gas on the chart. Points along the line are points of saturation. 5 and 6. e. 250 L of 1. One of the general properties of ionic compounds is water solubility. x Solubility/100mL at set temp. Check Details. Item #: AP6901. Jun 30, 2023 · Practice Problems. Depending on how much solute is dissolved Solve the following problems. Practically insoluble. WS - Reading the Solubility Chart Problems. Jun 12, 2023 · Here, we look at solubility curves. We see what they mean, how to read them, and how to answer questions using them. Any more than that and the solution will be supersaturated while any less will make the solution Next Topic: Molecular Equations. The oceans are solutions of salt in water. At 60 C, which substance has a solubility of Use the solubility cure below to answer the following questions: 34) Which salt is LEAST soluble at 20 °C? _____ 35) How many grams of KBr can be dissolved in 100g of water at 60°C? _____ 36) How many grams of NaCl can be dissolved in 100g of water at 100°C? _____ 37) At 40°C, 180g of NaClO 3 is dissolved in 100g of water. At 10. The KSP for AgI is 8. The more soluble a substance is, the higher the Ksp value it has. certain temperature. Sign In. They focus on how to use a solubility chart to identify if a compound will 2. 1Solubility curve studylib cp. What is the relationship between solubility and temperature for most substances on the chart? b. Precipitation reactions occur when cations and anions in aqueous solution combine to form an insoluble ionic solid called a precipitate. The substances are listed in alphabetical order. Consider the following formula of Henry's law: p = k_h \; c. The process is called solvation. 16. Adding a common ion prevents the weak acid or weak base from ionizing as much as it would without the added common ion. 38. where: p is the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid, k_h is Henry's law constant, and. Whether or not such a reaction occurs can be determined by using the solubility rules for common ionic solids. Dissolving a compound happens by breaking the interactions between the molecules or ions of the solute and forming clusters via new intermolecular interactions. Find the curve for Jan 13, 2022 · Common Ion Effect with Weak Acids and Bases. Which of the following arranges the compounds in order of increasing solubility in water? Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more the solubility of gases decreases with increased temperature. If a Solubility Curve Worksheet Part 1. The K Jul 12, 2023 · Exercise 13. Aug 21, 2023 · Barium Carbonate (BaCO 3) has a solubility product of K sp = 8. Commonly, this is expressed as grams of solute per liter of solvent. Some of the solved problems based on the solubility curve are given below. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 3. c is the concentrate of the gas in the liquid. In each measurement you mix known masses of the salt and the water. 492-494 text problems: none 1) The curve shows the # of grams of solute in a saturated solution containing 100 mL or 100 g of water at a certain temperature. View U2 P3 Solubility Practice Problems. About Jack Westin Faq Blog Contact Support. Enter a chemical formula of a substance to find its solubility using our solubility calculator. You can use this curve to Jul 5, 2012 · Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a homogeneous solution of the solute in the solvent. Any amount of solute above the line in which all of the solute has dissolved shows the solution is supersaturated. Solubility curves is a graph of solubility, measured in g/100 g water, against temperature in °C. The solubility product constant describes the equilibrium between a Jul 25, 2019 · The solubility rules are important for quickly figuring out is a substance is soluble or insoluble in water. 3 x 10-17 and for AgCl is 1. We begin with an overview of solutes, so Solubility Quiz. com Solubility curve answers curves studylib Reading a Solubility Curve Solubility curve worksheet graph worksheets saturated Solubility worksheets problems lessonplanet graphs 12th interpreting ambrasta substances reviewer Figure 3. How many grams of sodium nitrate, NaNO 3, are soluble in 100 g of water at 10 ºC? A solution of potassium chlorate, KClO 3, has 20 grams of the salt dissolved in 100 grams of water at 70 ºC. iii) Fe (C 2 H 3 O 2) 2. Identify whether the given compound is soluble or insoluble in water. This chemistry video tutorial provides a basic introduction into Ksp - the solublity product constant. does not follow the rule. Use the solubility chart. If the solution is above the solubility line it is supersaturate and below the solubility line it is unsaturated. 3. NaCl) Find Solubility. Chemistry of the Nonmetals. Embracing eBook Trends Integration of Moltimedia Elements Interactive and Gamified eBooks 10. Learn about the solubility of common compounds and gain insights into their behavior in different solvents. Reading a Solubility Chart. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds. Calculate the molar solubility of Barium Carbonate in 0. Look up compounds like calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, and sodium sulfate. 3 7. 01 moles Ag(NO3) are added (you can ignore any volume change). Reading the Solubility Chart Problems 1. from 1,000 to 10,000. Solubility Curves: Use the solubility graph to answer the following: a. Calculate the solubility product of AgCl. 0 x 10-4 mol of Ag + /L and 1. 0 g of Na 2SO 4 in 325 mL of solution? 3. Use Henry’s law to determine the solubility of this gaseous solute when its pressure is 101. a) The expression for solubility Solubility. Find out the solubility of the solute at the temperature. Initial: When the salt is added to water, there are no ions initially in solution. Exposing a 100. Solutes whose curves move upward w/ increased temperature are typically Solubility is the measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent. _____ 3. Solution: Reading a Solubility Chart. 84 g. Polypropylene is a polymer made from a biproduct of oil and widely used because it is inexpensive, durable, insoluble in water and non-toxic. HomeCoursesLive SessionsAdmissionsTutoring. Nov 14, 2020 · The solubility curve tells you *exactly* how may grams of a solute will dissolve in a given amount of solvent and *any* temperature. A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given amount of solvent. 25 M reacts with 150 mL of a solution of silver nitrate @ 0. 1: Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product Constant. In a mixture, two or more materials are mixed together but they remain essentially separate, like sand and water. more than 10,000. Consider the general dissolution reaction below (in aqueous solutions): Solubility - MCAT Content. Units of solubility are given in grams of substance per 100 millilitres of water (g/ (100 mL)), unless shown otherwise. So Solubility can be difficult if you don't know how to properly use a solubility table! In this video I go over all of the solubility rules plus we do a bun Mar 11, 2021 · Calculate the solubility in moles/L of each of three salts and the concentration of the cations in mg/mL in each of the saturated solutions. Name______________. Which of these salts decreases in solubility as the temperature increases. 23. The table below shows the structural formulas for three different compounds. This constant is different for each compound, so you'll need to look it up on a chart in your textbook. Solubility answers worksheet problems practice curve rules chemistry unit excel beaucage ms study db booklet next from 30 to 100. Solutes whose curves move downward w/ increased temperature are typically gases b/c the solubility of gases decreases with increased temperature. Asked by Tamba34. 1b 13. Scanned by CamScanner. We need to consider each ionic compound (both the reactants and the possible products) in light of the solubility rules. The common ion effect suppresses the ionization of a weak acid by adding more of an ion that is a product of this equilibrium. 0 mol of KCl per 0. Practice Problems: Solubility Rules 18. Price: $36. Many consumer products are packaged in containers made of a plastic called polypropylene. Base your answers to the following questions on the information below. Determine the amount of salt used for the following: 1- Sodium chloride (NaCl): ~37 g 2- Potassium chloride (KCl): ~33 g 3- Potassium nitrate (KNO 3): ~33 g 4- Sodium nitrate (NaNO 3): ~85 g b. At 10oC, 80 g of NaNO 3 will dissolve in 100 mL (a saturated solution) 2. com Solubility curves and solutions review sheet — db-excel. It explains that solubility curves show the maximum number of grams of solute that can dissolve in 100 mL of water at different temperatures. From the graph shown, at 50 °C, 51 g of NH ₄Cl can be dissolved in 100 g of water while 115 g of NaNO₃ can be dissolved in 100 g of water. 5g c. Understanding the solubility of salts is essential for predicting the outcome of chemical 2 days ago · Here in this article,you will learn about the solubility curve in detail, which will provide you with all the basic information, including solubility rules chart, definition of solubility curve, graph of solubility, some problems of solubility curve and the main that is the importance if this solubility curve. 2 days ago · Apply a solubility conversion factor to calculate the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specified quantity of solvent. Explanation: If given the solubility product constant for a salt, we can determine the solubility for the salt as well. Insolubility is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution. 01 M in both I- and Cl-. Name: Date: Solubility Curve Worksheet and Sample Lab Class ou'll notice that for most substances, solubility increases as temperature increases. 0oC how much of the following substance dissolve? a. Solubility Curves of Pure Substances. 7 x 10-6 mol of Cl – /L. Calculate the solubility of solid Ba 3 (PO 4) 2 ( Ksp = 6. Choosing the Right eBook Platform Popolar eBook Platforms Features to Look for in an reading the solubility chart problems answer key User-Friendly Interface reading the solubility chart problems answer key 4 2. 1, approximately 48g 48 g of KNO3 KNO 3 will dissolve at 30°C 30 ° C. 3: Precipitation and the Solubility Product. pdf), Text File (. The extent of the solubility of a substance in Feb 14, 2024 · The ion product Q is analogous to the reaction quotient Q for gaseous equilibria. The equilibrium constant for a dissolution reaction, called the solubility product 2. doc. This is actually true for all gases. Sep 11, 2023 · September 11, 2023 by TechieScience Core SME. In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. Feb 12, 2024 · 1. over a pH range of 1. 1 mL H2O 100 g H2O. Then, plug these expressions into the solubility-product expression for the What is [KN O3]? Solubility graphs represent the relationship between solubility (in grams of solid per volume of water) vs temperature. d. Calcium oxalate monohydrate [Ca (O 2 CCO 2 )·H 2 O, also written as CaC 2 O 4 ·H 2 O] is a sparingly soluble salt that is the other major component of kidney stones [along with Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 ]. For compounds that dissolve to produce the same number of ions, we can directly compare their Kₛₚ values to determine their relative solubilities. 1-Chloropropane |. 26 kPa (152 torr) resulted in the dissolution of 1. the number of ions varies with the kind of salt that is dissolving. Dote; You'll noticc that for most substanccs, solubility increases 05 temperature increases, dtscuzed in solutions involving liquids and solids typically morc solute n be íssolved at higher temperatures. 3 kPa (760 torr). 25 °C, 298. ) Chem1 Virtual Textbook. 6. Mar 10, 2021 · Table 11. from 100 to 1,000. Sep 20, 2023 · Solubility curve practice problems worksheet 1 — db-excel. That is, the total salt added is the mass of the salt dissolved and the mass of the precipitate. 5. Select one: a. A solubility chart is a chart describing whether the ionic compounds formed from different combinations of cations and anions dissolve in or precipitate from solution. Define solubility. As discussed earlier in solutions involving liquids and solids typically more solute can be dissolved at higher temperatures. Print full size. The sand can be easily distinguished from the water, because even if a mixture of the two is shaken it will This is a series of lectures in videos covering Chemistry topics taught in High Schools. What are the units of solubility on the solubility curve? 2. MCAT Question Bank CARS Practice Exams Khan Academy AAMC Outline Retake Calculator AAMC Chrome Extension Reviews. Give a reason to explain why NH. The solubility chart is used based on the products - if the combination of ions that are produced results in a down arrow on the solubility chart, it means it precipitates, and there is a reaction. Solubility Flow Chart. We use the solubility rules to predict whether an ionic …. The solubility product (Ksp) is used to calculate equilibrium concentrations of the ions in solution, whereas the ion product (Q) describes concentrations that are not necessarily at equilibrium. Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. Which substance is least affected by temperature changes? NaCl, 6. What can you gather from the curve of this substance as T increases. This means that the solution will be saturated since 48g 48 g is less than 80g 80 g. jm gj cy df hg va lh nz bg mv